Qiskit implementation

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In the previous lesson, we took a first look at the Statevector and Operator classes in Qiskit, and used them to simulate operations and measurements on single qubits. In this section, we'll use these classes to explore the behavior of multiple qubits.

# Added by doQumentation — required packages for this notebook
!pip install -q numpy qiskit

from qiskit import __version__

print(__version__)

2.1.1

We'll start by importing the Statevector and Operator classes, as well as the square root function from NumPy. Hereafter, generally speaking, we'll take care of all of our required imports first within each lesson.

from qiskit.quantum_info import Statevector, Operator
from numpy import sqrt

Tensor products

The Statevector class has a tensor method, which returns the tensor product of that Statevector with another, given as an argument. The argument is interpreted as the tensor factor on the right.

For example, below we create two state vectors representing $\vert 0\rangle$ and $\vert 1\rangle,$ and use the tensor method to create a new vector, $\vert \psi\rangle = \vert 0\rangle \otimes \vert 1\rangle.$ Notice here that we're using the from_label method to define the states $\vert 0\rangle$ and $\vert 1\rangle,$ rather than defining them ourselves.

zero = Statevector.from_label("0")
one = Statevector.from_label("1")
psi = zero.tensor(one)
display(psi.draw("latex"))

$|01\rangle$

Other allowed labels include "+" and "-" for the plus and minus states, as well as "r" and "l" (short for "right" and "left") for the states

$$\vert {+i} \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \vert 0 \rangle + \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} \vert 1 \rangle \qquad\text{and}\qquad \vert {-i} \rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \vert 0 \rangle - \frac{i}{\sqrt{2}} \vert 1 \rangle.$$

Here, "+", "-" or "right" and "left" come from the context of quantum mechanical spin, in which a component of spin may point to the left or the right in an experiment; it is not referring to the right-most or left-most qubit in systems of multiple qubits. Here's an example of the tensor product of $\vert {+} \rangle$ and $\vert {-i} \rangle.$

plus = Statevector.from_label("+")
minus_i = Statevector.from_label("l")
phi = plus.tensor(minus_i)
display(phi.draw("latex"))

$\frac{1}{2} |00\rangle- \frac{i}{2} |01\rangle+\frac{1}{2} |10\rangle- \frac{i}{2} |11\rangle$

An alternative is to use the ^ operation for tensor products, which naturally gives the same results.

display((plus ^ minus_i).draw("latex"))

$\frac{1}{2} |00\rangle- \frac{i}{2} |01\rangle+\frac{1}{2} |10\rangle- \frac{i}{2} |11\rangle$

The Operator class also has a tensor method (as well as a from_label method), as we see in the following examples.

H = Operator.from_label("H")
Id = Operator.from_label("I")
X = Operator.from_label("X")
display(H.tensor(Id).draw("latex"))
display(H.tensor(Id).tensor(X).draw("latex"))

$$\begin{bmatrix} \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \\ \end{bmatrix}$$ $$\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$

Again, like in the vector case, the ^ operation is equivalent.

display((H ^ Id ^ X).draw("latex"))

$$\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 \\ \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 & 0 & 0 & - \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$

Compound states can be evolved using compound operations as we would expect — just like we saw for single systems in the previous lesson. For example, the following code computes the state $(H\otimes I)\vert\phi\rangle$ for $\vert\phi\rangle = \vert + \rangle \otimes \vert {-i}\rangle$ (which was already defined above).

display(phi.evolve(H ^ Id).draw("latex"))

$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} |00\rangle- \frac{\sqrt{2} i}{2} |01\rangle$

Here is some code that defines a $CX$ operation and calculates $CX \vert\psi\rangle$ for $\vert\psi\rangle = \vert + \rangle \otimes \vert 0 \rangle.$ To be clear, this is a $CX$ operation for which the left-hand qubit is the control and the right-hand qubit is the target. The result is the Bell state $\vert\phi^{+}\rangle.$

CX = Operator([[1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 0]])
psi = plus.tensor(zero)
display(psi.evolve(CX).draw("latex"))

$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} |00\rangle+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} |11\rangle$

Partial measurements

In the previous lesson, we used the measure method to simulate a measurement of a quantum state vector. This method returns two items: the simulated measurement result, and the new Statevector given this measurement.

By default, measure measures all qubits in the state vector. We can, alternatively, provide a list of integers as an argument, which causes only those qubit indices to be measured. To demonstrate this, the code below creates the state

$$\vert w\rangle = \frac{\vert 001\rangle + \vert 010\rangle + \vert 100\rangle}{\sqrt{3}}$$

and measures qubit number 0, which is the rightmost qubit. (Qiskit numbers qubits starting from 0, from right to left. We'll return to this numbering convention in the next lesson.)

w = Statevector([0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0] / sqrt(3))
display(w.draw("latex"))

result, state = w.measure([0])
print(f"Measured: {result}\nState after measurement:")
display(state.draw("latex"))

result, state = w.measure([0, 1])
print(f"Measured: {result}\nState after measurement:")
display(state.draw("latex"))

$\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} |001\rangle+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} |010\rangle+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} |100\rangle$

Measured: 0
State after measurement:

$\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} |010\rangle+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} |100\rangle$

Measured: 00
State after measurement:

$|100\rangle$